Genetic crosses are experiments used to study how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. By mating organisms with different traits, scientists can observe the resulting offspring's characteristics. This process helps in understanding the principles of Mendelian genetics, which was established by Gregor Mendel in the 19th century. In a typical genetic cross, the parent organisms are referred to as the P generation, and their offspring are called the F1 generation. Further crosses between F1 individuals can produce the F2 generation, allowing researchers to analyze patterns of inheritance, such as dominant and recessive traits.