Functionalization refers to the process of adding specific functional groups to a molecule, which can enhance its properties or enable it to perform new functions. This technique is commonly used in chemistry and materials science to modify substances, making them more suitable for particular applications, such as in pharmaceuticals or polymers. In the context of nanotechnology, functionalization can improve the interaction of nanoparticles with biological systems, leading to advancements in drug delivery and diagnostics. By tailoring the surface characteristics of these particles, researchers can achieve targeted therapies and improved efficacy in medical treatments.