Functional components are the individual parts of a system that perform specific tasks or functions. In software development, for example, these components can be modules or classes that handle particular operations, such as data processing or user interface management. Each component is designed to work independently while contributing to the overall functionality of the application. In engineering, functional components refer to the distinct elements of a machine or device that serve a particular purpose, like motors, gears, or sensors. These components work together to ensure the system operates efficiently and effectively, allowing for easier maintenance and upgrades by isolating specific functions.