The Fortifications of France refer to a series of military structures built to protect the country from invasions and attacks. These fortifications include castles, walls, and bastions, which were constructed from the Middle Ages through the 19th century. Notable examples include the Vauban fortresses, designed by the military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, which are recognized for their innovative designs and strategic locations. Throughout history, these fortifications played a crucial role in defending French territories. Many of them, such as the Citadel of Besançon and the Fortifications of Strasbourg, showcase the architectural and military advancements of their time. Today, several of these sites are preserved as historical landmarks and attract tourists interested in France's rich military heritage.