The "First Estate" refers to the social class in pre-revolutionary France that consisted of the clergy. This group held significant power and influence, as they were responsible for religious practices and education. The First Estate was exempt from many taxes, which contributed to social tensions leading up to the French Revolution. Members of the First Estate included bishops, priests, and monks, who often owned vast amounts of land. Their wealth and privileges contrasted sharply with the struggles of the common people, known as the Third Estate, which included peasants and the working class. This disparity played a crucial role in the revolutionary movements of the late 18th century.