Excavation methods are techniques used to remove soil, rock, or other materials from a site to create space for construction or archaeological purposes. Common methods include open-pit excavation, where large areas are dug out, and trenching, which involves creating narrow, deep cuts in the ground. Each method is chosen based on the project's requirements and the type of material being excavated. Another important excavation method is dredging, used primarily in water bodies to deepen or widen channels. Hydraulic excavation employs high-pressure water jets to loosen materials, while mechanical excavation uses heavy machinery like excavators and backhoes. These methods ensure efficient and safe removal of materials.