European exploration refers to the period from the late 15th to the early 17th centuries when European nations sought new trade routes and territories. Driven by the desire for spices, gold, and new lands, explorers like Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan embarked on voyages across the oceans. This era marked significant advancements in navigation and shipbuilding, enabling longer and more ambitious journeys. The exploration led to the discovery of the Americas and the establishment of trade networks. It also resulted in the exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas, known as the Columbian Exchange. However, it often had devastating effects on indigenous populations due to disease and colonization.