European markets refer to the various financial markets operating within the countries of Europe, including stock exchanges, bond markets, and commodity markets. Major stock exchanges include the London Stock Exchange, Euronext, and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. These markets facilitate the buying and selling of securities, allowing companies to raise capital and investors to trade assets. The European Union (EU) plays a significant role in shaping these markets through regulations and policies that promote economic stability and integration. The European Central Bank (ECB) influences monetary policy, impacting interest rates and inflation, which in turn affects market performance across the region.