Estonian history dates back to ancient times, with the first known settlements appearing around 8500 BC. The region was influenced by various cultures, including the Germans, Swedes, and Russians. In the 13th century, the Teutonic Knights conquered Estonia, leading to centuries of foreign rule. Estonia declared independence from Russia in 1918, following World War I. However, it was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany, and reoccupied by the Soviets after World War II. Estonia regained its independence in 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and has since developed as a democratic nation.