The Early Middle Ages, also known as the Dark Ages, spanned roughly from the 5th to the 10th century. This period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire and was marked by a decline in urban life, trade, and literacy in Europe. Many regions experienced invasions from groups like the Vikings, Magyars, and Saracens, leading to a fragmented political landscape. During this time, the Christian Church became a central institution, influencing culture and education. Monasteries played a crucial role in preserving knowledge through the copying of texts. The period also saw the rise of feudalism, which shaped social and economic structures across the continent.