The Earl of Tyrone is a title in the peerage of Ireland, historically associated with the province of Ulster. The title was first created in 1542 for Matthew de Ranelagh, and it became prominent during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The most notable holder was Hugh O'Neill, the 2nd Earl, who played a significant role in the Nine Years' War against English rule in Ireland. The title has been associated with various political and military conflicts, particularly during the struggle for Irish independence. After the defeat of the 2nd Earl, the title became dormant for several centuries until it was revived in the 19th century. Today, the title is held by descendants of the original earls, continuing the legacy of the O'Neill family.