"Dutch Indonesia" refers to the period when the Netherlands colonized the Indonesian archipelago, primarily from the early 17th century until the mid-20th century. The Dutch established the Dutch East India Company in 1602, which played a significant role in trade and territorial expansion in the region. Over time, the Dutch controlled various islands, exploiting their resources and establishing plantations. The colonial era led to significant changes in Indonesian society, economy, and culture. The Dutch implemented a system of indirect rule, which allowed local leaders to maintain some authority while enforcing Dutch policies. This period ended with Indonesia's struggle for independence, culminating in the declaration of independence in 1945.