The Duchy of Milan was a significant state in northern Italy during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It was established in the 14th century and became a powerful political and cultural center. The duchy was ruled by various noble families, most notably the Visconti and Sforza dynasties, who expanded its territory and influence. Milan was known for its advancements in art, architecture, and commerce. The city became a hub for artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Donato Bramante, contributing to the rich cultural heritage of the region. The duchy played a crucial role in the political dynamics of Italy until it was absorbed into the Spanish Empire in the 16th century.