Data structures are essential concepts in computer science that enable the organization and storage of data in a way that facilitates efficient access and modification. They provide a means to manage large amounts of information, allowing programmers to implement algorithms effectively. Common examples include arrays, linked lists, and hash tables. Understanding data structures is crucial for optimizing performance in software development. By choosing the right data structure for a specific task, developers can significantly improve the speed and efficiency of their applications. This knowledge is foundational for anyone looking to excel in programming and software engineering.