A cryptographic module is a hardware or software component that performs cryptographic operations, such as encryption and decryption. These modules are designed to protect sensitive information by ensuring that data remains confidential and secure during transmission or storage. They often include algorithms and protocols that help safeguard data against unauthorized access. In many cases, cryptographic modules are evaluated and certified to meet specific security standards, such as the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS). This certification ensures that the module has been tested for its effectiveness in protecting data and can be trusted for use in various applications, including secure communications and data storage.