A cryptographic module is a hardware or software component that performs cryptographic operations, such as encryption and decryption. It ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data by using algorithms and keys. These modules are essential in securing communications and protecting sensitive information in various applications, including banking and online transactions. Cryptographic modules are often evaluated against standards like the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) to ensure their security and effectiveness. They can be found in devices like smartphones, routers, and servers, where they help safeguard data from unauthorized access and cyber threats.