Cryptographic hashing is a process that transforms input data of any size into a fixed-size string of characters, which appears random. This transformation is done using a mathematical function called a hash function. The output, known as a hash value or digest, is unique to the input data, meaning even a small change in the input will produce a significantly different hash. Hashing is widely used in various applications, such as ensuring data integrity and securely storing passwords. It is a fundamental component of many security protocols, including digital signatures and blockchain technology, providing a way to verify data without revealing the original information.