Counting techniques are methods used in mathematics to determine the number of ways to arrange or select items. These techniques include permutations, which count the arrangements of items where order matters, and combinations, which count selections where order does not matter. Another important counting technique is the principle of inclusion-exclusion, which helps to count the number of elements in overlapping sets. Additionally, binomial coefficients are used to represent combinations and are often found in Pascal's triangle, a useful tool for visualizing these relationships.