Copper extraction involves several processes to obtain copper from its ores. The most common method is through mining, where copper ores, such as chalcopyrite and malachite, are extracted from the earth. The ores are then crushed and ground to liberate the copper minerals. After grinding, the copper is separated from the waste material using methods like flotation or leaching. In flotation, chemicals are added to create a froth that captures copper particles. In leaching, acids dissolve the copper, allowing it to be collected. The final step is refining, where impurities are removed to produce pure copper metal.