Complex time signatures are musical notations that indicate how many beats are in a measure and what note value gets the beat. Unlike the common time signatures like 4/4 or 3/4, complex time signatures can include irregular groupings, such as 5/4 or 7/8. These signatures create unique rhythmic patterns that can add interest and complexity to a piece of music. Musicians often encounter complex time signatures in various genres, including jazz, progressive rock, and world music. Composers use these signatures to challenge performers and create distinctive sounds. Understanding complex time signatures can enhance a musician's ability to interpret and perform diverse musical styles.