Kazakhstan is home to several major cities, each with its unique characteristics. The capital city, Nur-Sultan, formerly known as Astana, is known for its modern architecture and rapid development. It serves as the political and administrative center of the country. Almaty, the largest city, is famous for its cultural heritage, vibrant nightlife, and beautiful mountainous surroundings. Other notable cities include Shymkent, known for its historical significance and diverse population, and Karaganda, which has a rich industrial history. Aktobe and Pavlodar are also important urban centers, contributing to the country's economy and cultural landscape.