Kazakhstan is home to several major cities, each with its unique characteristics. The capital city, Nur-Sultan, formerly known as Astana, is known for its modern architecture and rapid development. It serves as the political and administrative center of the country. Another significant city is Almaty, which was the capital until 1997 and remains the largest city, famous for its cultural attractions and beautiful mountainous backdrop. Other notable cities include Shymkent, known for its rich history and vibrant markets, and Karaganda, which has a strong industrial base. Aktobe and Pavlodar are also important urban centers, contributing to Kazakhstan's economy and cultural diversity.