Chromosome segregation is the process during cell division where duplicated chromosomes are separated into two new cells. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, maintaining genetic consistency. The process occurs during mitosis and meiosis, where specialized structures called spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart. During mitosis, chromosomes line up in the center of the cell and are then pulled to opposite ends. In meiosis, which produces gametes, chromosome segregation occurs twice, leading to four cells with half the original chromosome number. Proper chromosome segregation is crucial for preventing genetic disorders.