Cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs when rapid changes in pressure lead to the formation and collapse of small vapor-filled bubbles in a liquid. This process can happen in various situations, such as in pumps, propellers, and hydraulic systems, where the pressure drops below the liquid's vapor pressure. When these bubbles collapse, they can create shock waves that may cause damage to nearby surfaces. Cavitation is often undesirable because it can lead to erosion and reduced efficiency in machinery. Engineers and designers work to minimize cavitation effects in systems like pumps and turbines to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Understanding cavitation is crucial for maintaining the reliability of fluid systems.