Carvaka is an ancient Indian philosophical system that advocates for materialism and skepticism. It emphasizes direct perception as the primary source of knowledge, rejecting supernatural beliefs and the afterlife. Carvaka thinkers argue that pleasure is the ultimate goal of life, and they prioritize sensory experiences over spiritual pursuits. The philosophy is often contrasted with other Indian schools, such as Vedanta and Buddhism, which incorporate metaphysical concepts and spiritual practices. Carvaka's emphasis on empirical evidence and rational thought has influenced various modern philosophical discussions, particularly in debates about materialism and ethics.