Cardiovascular physiology is the study of how the heart and blood vessels function to circulate blood throughout the body. The heart acts as a pump, contracting to push blood into the arteries, which carry oxygen-rich blood to tissues. The veins return oxygen-poor blood back to the heart, completing the cycle. This system is crucial for delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells while removing waste products like carbon dioxide. Key components include the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries, all working together to maintain blood flow and regulate blood pressure, ensuring the body operates efficiently.