Burghs were self-governing towns in medieval Europe, particularly in Scotland and England. They emerged during the 12th century and were often granted charters by monarchs, allowing them to manage their own affairs, collect taxes, and establish local laws. The term "burgh" is derived from the Old English word for a fortified place, reflecting their origins as safe havens. In Scotland, burghs played a crucial role in trade and commerce, serving as centers for markets and crafts. They were typically divided into two categories: royal burghs, which were directly controlled by the crown, and burghs of barony, which were governed by local lords. The development of burghs contributed significantly to the growth of urban life in medieval society.