A bioreactor is a vessel or container used to grow and cultivate microorganisms, cells, or tissues under controlled conditions. These systems provide the necessary environment for biological reactions to occur, often involving the production of pharmaceuticals, biofuels, or food products. Bioreactors can vary in size and complexity, ranging from small laboratory setups to large industrial systems. The main components of a bioreactor include temperature control, pH monitoring, and oxygen supply, which are essential for optimizing growth conditions. Common types of bioreactors include stirred-tank bioreactors, airlift bioreactors, and fixed-bed bioreactors. Each type is designed to meet specific needs in various applications, such as fermentation or cell culture.