The Berlin Defense is a chess opening that arises after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6. It is a variation of the Ruy Lopez and is known for its solid and defensive nature. The Berlin Defense gained popularity in the early 2000s, particularly after the 2000 World Chess Championship, where Vladimir Kramnik used it successfully against Garry Kasparov. In this opening, Black aims to neutralize White's initiative and create a strong pawn structure. The Berlin Defense often leads to endgame positions, where precise play is crucial. It is favored by many players for its resilience and ability to withstand aggressive attacks.