The Banu Umayyah was a prominent clan of the Quraysh tribe in Arabia, known for establishing the first Islamic caliphate after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. They ruled from 661 to 750 CE, expanding the Islamic empire significantly across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe. Under the leadership of caliphs like Muawiya I, the Umayyads implemented administrative reforms and promoted trade and culture. However, their rule faced criticism for perceived secularism and favoritism, leading to discontent among various groups, ultimately resulting in their downfall during the Abbasid Revolution.