Back-office functions refer to the essential operations that support a company's core activities but do not directly interact with customers. These functions include tasks such as accounting, human resources, and information technology. They ensure that the business runs smoothly by managing internal processes and maintaining records. These functions are crucial for efficiency and compliance, as they handle data management, payroll, and regulatory reporting. While back-office staff may not be visible to customers, their work is vital for the overall success of the organization, allowing front-line employees to focus on customer service and sales.