Automatic Train Operation (ATO) is a system that allows trains to run with minimal human intervention. It uses advanced technology to control train speed, acceleration, and braking, ensuring safe and efficient travel. ATO systems can operate in various modes, from fully automated to semi-automated, depending on the level of human oversight required. These systems are commonly used in urban transit networks, such as subways and light rail, where frequent stops and precise timing are essential. By automating operations, ATO can improve service reliability, reduce operational costs, and enhance passenger safety.