Association measures are statistical tools used to quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. Common examples include Pearson's correlation coefficient, which measures linear relationships, and Spearman's rank correlation, which assesses monotonic relationships. These measures help researchers understand how changes in one variable may relate to changes in another. In addition to correlation coefficients, other association measures include Chi-square tests for categorical data and Cramér's V for assessing the strength of association between two nominal variables. These tools are essential in fields like psychology, sociology, and epidemiology for analyzing data and drawing meaningful conclusions.