Array searching is a technique used to find a specific element within an array, which is a collection of items stored in a fixed-size sequence. There are various methods for searching, with the most common being linear search and binary search. Linear search checks each element one by one until the desired item is found, while binary search requires the array to be sorted and repeatedly divides the search interval in half. The efficiency of these searching methods can vary significantly. Linear search has a time complexity of O(n), meaning it may take longer for larger arrays, while binary search has a time complexity of O(log n), making it much faster for sorted arrays. Understanding these methods is essential for optimizing data retrieval in programming and computer science.