Antenna design involves creating devices that transmit and receive electromagnetic waves, enabling communication in various technologies like radio, television, and cellular networks. The design process considers factors such as frequency, gain, and radiation pattern to ensure optimal performance for specific applications. Different types of antennas, such as dipole, monopole, and parabolic, serve unique purposes based on their shape and size. Engineers use simulations and prototypes to refine designs, ensuring that antennas can effectively send and receive signals over desired distances while minimizing interference and maximizing efficiency.