Antarctic ecosystems are unique environments characterized by extreme cold and ice. They include diverse habitats such as ice shelves, coastal regions, and open waters. The region is home to specially adapted species like penguins, seals, and various types of krill, which play crucial roles in the food web. The Antarctic ecosystem is primarily influenced by its harsh climate and seasonal changes. During the summer months, sunlight supports phytoplankton growth, forming the base of the food chain. In contrast, winter brings darkness and freezing temperatures, leading to a decline in biological activity and a reliance on stored energy by many organisms.