Ancient nations refer to early civilizations that developed complex societies, cultures, and governments. Examples include the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, known for their cuneiform writing, and the Egyptians, famous for their pyramids and hieroglyphics. These nations laid the groundwork for modern societies through advancements in agriculture, trade, and law. Many ancient nations were characterized by their unique religions, art, and architecture. The Indus Valley Civilization featured advanced urban planning, while the Minoans on Crete are noted for their vibrant frescoes. These cultures contributed significantly to human history, influencing later civilizations and shaping the world we know today.