Amyloid plaques are abnormal clusters of protein fragments that accumulate between nerve cells in the brain. They are primarily composed of a protein called beta-amyloid, which is produced when a larger protein, amyloid precursor protein, is broken down. These plaques are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease. The presence of amyloid plaques can disrupt communication between neurons and trigger inflammation, leading to cell damage and death. Researchers study these plaques to better understand their role in cognitive decline and to develop potential treatments for conditions like Alzheimer's, aiming to improve brain health and function.