Aldol condensation is a chemical reaction that involves the formation of a β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone through the reaction of two carbonyl compounds, typically an aldehyde and a ketone. This process occurs when one molecule acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of another molecule, leading to the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond. After the initial aldol addition, the reaction can proceed to dehydration, resulting in the formation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. This step involves the removal of a water molecule, enhancing the stability of the product and often leading to more complex organic structures.