AVX-512 stands for Advanced Vector Extensions 512, a set of instructions for CPUs that enhances performance for data processing tasks. It allows processors to handle larger data sets in parallel, improving efficiency in applications like scientific computing, machine learning, and video processing. This technology enables software developers to optimize their programs by utilizing wider vector registers, which can process more data simultaneously. By leveraging AVX-512, applications can achieve faster execution times, making it a valuable feature in modern computing environments.