A(3, 1) is a specific value from the mathematical concept known as the Ackermann function. This function is a classic example of a computable function that is not primitive recursive. The notation A(m, n) represents a function that grows very quickly, and A(3, 1) specifically evaluates to 5. In the case of A(3, 1), the function starts with the first argument, 3, and applies a series of recursive operations based on the second argument, 1. The result, 5, illustrates how the Ackermann function can produce large outputs from relatively small inputs, showcasing its unique properties in theoretical computer science.