A 2x2 factorial design is a type of experimental setup used in research to evaluate the effects of two independent variables, each with two levels. This design allows researchers to examine not only the individual effects of each variable but also how they interact with each other. For example, if one variable is temperature (high and low) and the other is time (long and short), the design would include all combinations of these levels. This approach is efficient because it requires fewer resources than testing each variable separately. By analyzing the results, researchers can gain insights into complex interactions and make informed decisions based on the findings.