Nineteenth-century music was marked by the rise of Romanticism, a movement that emphasized emotion and individual expression. Composers like Frédéric Chopin, Johannes Brahms, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky created works that often featured rich harmonies and expressive melodies. This period saw the expansion of orchestras and the popularity of new musical forms, such as the symphonic poem and the art song. The era also witnessed significant developments in music performance and education. The invention of the piano became central to many compositions, allowing for greater dynamic range and emotional depth. Additionally, the establishment of conservatories helped train a new generation of musicians, contributing to the vibrant musical culture of the time.