The 1920s, often called the "Roaring Twenties," was a decade marked by economic prosperity, cultural change, and the rise of jazz music. This period saw the emergence of new technologies, such as the automobile and radio, which transformed daily life. The decade also witnessed significant social changes, including the flapper movement and the fight for women's suffrage, culminating in the passage of the 19th Amendment in the United States. The 1930s, however, were defined by the Great Depression, a severe worldwide economic downturn that began with the stock market crash of 1929. Unemployment soared, and many people faced poverty and hardship. In response, governments implemented various programs, such as the New Deal initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to provide relief and stimulate economic recovery. This decade also saw the rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe, leading to increased tensions that would eventually contribute to World War II.