In the 18th century, medicine was largely based on ancient practices and theories, particularly those of Hippocrates and Galen. Physicians often relied on methods like bloodletting and herbal remedies to treat illnesses. The understanding of anatomy was limited, and surgical procedures were risky due to a lack of anesthesia and antiseptics. During this time, significant advancements began to emerge, such as the development of the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner. This period also saw the rise of hospitals and medical schools, which helped to formalize medical training and improve public health practices, laying the groundwork for modern medicine.