In 180 AD, the Roman Empire was at its height, experiencing a period of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. This era allowed for economic prosperity, cultural exchange, and the expansion of trade routes across Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia. This year also marked the end of the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, who is often remembered as a philosopher-king. His death signaled the beginning of a turbulent period for the empire, leading to political instability and challenges in governance that would affect Rome for centuries to come.