The 13th century, spanning from the year 1201 to 1300, was a period marked by significant developments in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It saw the rise of powerful kingdoms and empires, such as the Mongol Empire, which expanded across Asia and into Europe. This century also witnessed the establishment of universities, which became centers of learning and scholarship. In addition to political changes, the 13th century was notable for cultural and technological advancements. The Crusades continued to influence trade and cultural exchanges between the East and West. Notable figures, such as Thomas Aquinas, emerged, contributing to philosophy and theology during this transformative era.