A "10x optical zoom" refers to a camera's ability to magnify a subject up to ten times its original size without losing image quality. This is achieved through the use of specialized lenses that physically move to change the focal length, allowing for clear and detailed images of distant objects. For example, a camera with a 10x optical zoom can capture a close-up of a bird perched on a branch from a distance, making it ideal for wildlife photography. Unlike digital zoom, which enlarges the image digitally and can reduce quality, optical zoom maintains clarity and sharpness.