무과, or "Mugwa," refers to the traditional Korean civil service examination system that was prominent during the Joseon Dynasty. It was designed to select government officials based on their knowledge of Confucian texts and principles. The examination process was rigorous, consisting of multiple stages, including written tests and oral assessments. The Mugwa played a crucial role in shaping the bureaucratic structure of Korea, emphasizing merit over birthright. Successful candidates were awarded prestigious positions in the government, allowing them to influence policy and administration. This system contributed to the development of a scholarly elite in Korean society.