民族学, or "ethnology," is the comparative and analytical study of cultures. It focuses on understanding the social structures, customs, and beliefs of different ethnic groups. Ethnologists often conduct fieldwork, gathering data through observations and interviews to gain insights into the lives of various communities. This discipline is closely related to 人类学 (anthropology), which encompasses a broader study of humanity, including biological and archaeological aspects. Ethnology helps to highlight the diversity of human experiences and fosters appreciation for cultural differences, contributing to a deeper understanding of global societies.